This work is a study of the microstructural properties of the polycrystalline ternary compounds AgIn5S8, AgIn5Se8, and AgIn5Te8 by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD). The full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) of the XRD profile is measured as function of the diffraction angle and used to estimate the microstructural parameters. In general, a microstructural characterization by XRD is principally performed by Strain/Size analysis based on the modified Scherrer formula, which in turn, allows for mean grain size and average microstrain to be computed. However, when applied to polycrystalline bulk semiconductors, the modified Scherrer formula gives grain sizes of the order of a few hundreds of nanometers, which is not usually observed in bulk materials. Instead, a new theoretical scheme with misfit dislocations and plastic deformations would be used to calculate the grain size into a bulk. Assuming that these dislocations are of elastic origin, we were able to calculate the misfit dislocations density as function of the elastic constants of the materials. With this, the modified Scherrer formula is corrected to explain the additional XRD line broadening. All microstructure parameters of our samples increase as the atomic radius of the VI-element increases, with elastic constants similar to related semiconducting compounds.

ABSTRACT There are few studies about parasitic infections in Crotalus triseriatus (Wagler, 1830), an endemic rattlesnake from the highlands of central Mexico. This species occupies several habitats, from conserved forested regions to heavily impacted landscapes. To increase the parasitological knowledge of this reptile species without impacting populations, we obtained fecal samples of 16 rattlesnakes between 2012 and 2014 from Toluca Valley, Mexico. By using flotation technique, we found oocysts of Eimeria sp. and eggs of Capillariidae sp. The most frequent parasite was Eimeria sp. (62.5%). This study provides the first records of occurrence of parasites in reptilian feces from Mexico. Our results may be important for wildlife conservation purposes, for example, they could indicate of the population health of this species during processes of translocation.

Resumen En este texto se presentan los resultados del proyecto de investigación Barrio y Biblioteca. Memorias colectivas en la constitución barrial de la Zona dos del Noroccidente de Medellín, las características de su abordaje metodológico, las voces de los bibliotecarios, de algunos líderes y habitantes de los barrios, investigadores y finalmente algunas reflexiones. Se concluye, entre otros aspectos que: la configuración barrial de la zona Noroccidental de Medellín da cuenta de un proceso histórico-comunitario diseñado por sus habitantes con fuertes convicciones colectivas de resistencia; las bibliotecas populares y comunitarias en dichos barrios fueron lugares de refugio y protección de un número importante de niños y jóvenes en la ciudad, en un contexto de violencias, narcotráfico, adicciones y ‘no futuro’; las bibliotecas participaron del florecimiento y formación de líderes barriales y bibliotecarios que se empeñaron en su deseo de hacer de los libros, la lectura y las bibliotecas herramientas y medios para la interacción social, el encuentro con otros, el reconocimiento de la humanidad y la solidaridad, imprimiendo en sus habitantes el deseo de una ciudad distinta, el anhelo de vivir en sus barrios sin miedos, violencias y exclusiones.

Abstract In this text it is presented the results of the research project Neighborhood and Library. Collective memories in the constitution of Zone Two northwestern of Medellín, [Barrio y Biblioteca. Memorias colectivas en la constitución barrial de la Zona dos del Noroccidente de Medellín], the characteristics of its methodological approach, the voices of librarians and some leaders and inhabitants of the neighborhoods, finally some reflections. It is concluded, among other aspects that, the neighborhoods configuration of the northwestern zone of Medellin describes of historical-community process designed by its inhabitants with strong collective convictions; popular and community libraries, in these neighborhoods were containers or protectors of significant numbers of children and young people in the city, in a context of violence, drug trafficking, addictions, and “no future”; the libraries participated in the formation of leaders and librarians who were committed in to use the books, reading, libraries and, in general, the registered memory, tools and means for social interaction, the recognition of humanity and solidarity, fixing on their inhabitant’s memory the wish of a different city, the desire to live in its neighborhoods without fear, violence and exclusion.

Abstract Traditional fatigue limit measurements are expensive and time consuming, requiring a large number of specimens and a long time to be completed. An alternative approach is used in this work to obtain the fatigue limit of a cold drawn steel, in a rotating bending machine, by monitoring temperature variations induced by different load range levels in just a few specimens. Comparisons with Dixon’s traditional up-and-down method confirm that this thermographic approach is indeed a much more efficient, faster, and cheaper method to obtain fatigue limits.

ABSTRACT. The objective of this study was to determine whether Neospora caninum is prevalent in beef cattle in Tamaulipas (Mexico), using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit in 182 serum samples from six municipalities with different climates. The overall seroprevalence was 11.9% in animals and 78.6% in herds.

RESUMEN. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar si Neospora caninum está presente en bovinos de carne en Tamaulipas (México) usando una prueba comercial de análisis inmunoenzimático (ELISA) en 182 muestras de suero sanguíneo de seis municipios con climas diferentes. La seroprevalencia global fue de 11,9% en animales y 78,6% en hatos.

ABSTRACT Biological response modifiers such as pro and prebiotics have been recently used in aquaculture showing abilities as immunostimulants, enhancing resistance to different fungal, bacterial and parasitic pathogens and tolerance to environmental stress. This experiment evaluated three different concentrations (0.05, 0.1 and 0.5%) of β-1,3/1,6 glucans on nonspecific immune parameters of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Results showed that intake supplementation with 0.05% of β-1,3/1,6 glucans provides a greater immunostimulation over the fourth treatment week. Significant higher differences (P < 0.05) were obtained on parameters related to phagocytic activity on blood cells, also other assays showed more reactive cells to nitroblue tetrazolium (NbT) stain on spleen and head kidney analysis. We conclude that the use of 0.05% of β-1,3/1,6 glucans added to a commercial diet improves nonspecific immune system of channel catfish I. punctatus.

RESUMEN Objetivo . Evaluar los efectos del estrés agudo debido al manejo y captura sobre los parámetros hematológicos y bioquímicos en bagre de canal (Ictalurus punctatus) bajo cultivo. Materiales y métodos . Los peces (200 g promedio) fueron mantenidos en tanques de cultivo y divididos en dos tratamientos, por duplicado, (n= 15 x 2 x 2 = 60 peces). Treinta bagres fueron expuestos por 5 min a estrés agudo (TE) por manejo y captura, mientras que otro grupo no (grupo control, TnE). Diez peces de cada tratamiento fueron colectados a las 0, 6, y 24 h post-estrés para la extracción de sangre, los bagres del TnE fueron anestesiados durante su manejo y captura. Se evaluó el hemograma (método manual) y bioquímica sanguínea (espectrofotometría). Los resultados fueron analizados mediante la prueba de t student. Resultados . El contenido de eritrocitos, hematocrito, hemoglobina y glucosa de los animales TE fue significativamente mayor (p<0.05) a las 6 h post-estrés en comparación de TnE. Las células inmune en peces TE disminuyeron a las 6 y 24 h post-estrés, siendo leucocitos y linfocitos significativamente menores en el TnE (p<0.05) a las 24 h post-estrés. Otros parámetros evaluados no presentaron diferencias significativas en lo largo del estudio. Conclusiones . Los resultados sugieren que varios indicadores hematológicos y bioquímica sanguínea en los peces son alterados por el estrés agudo ocasionado por manejo y captura.

ABSTRACT Objetive . Evaluation of hematological and biochemical parameters of culture channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) under acute stress by management and capture practice. Materials and methods . Fish (200 g mean) were maintained in culture tanks and divided in two treatments, in duplicate, (n=15x2x2=60 fishes). Thirty catfish were exposed for 5 min to acute stress (TE) by management and capture practice, while other group not (control group, TnE). 10 fish for treatment were collected at 0, 6, and 24 h post-stress for blood collection, where TnE fishes were anesthetized along work. Complete blood count (manual method) and blood biochemical (spectrophotometry) of fish samples were evaluated and their results were analyzed using a Student's t-distribution. Results . The erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin and glucose level of TE animals was significantly higher (p<0.05) at 6 h post-stress, in comparison of TnE. Immune cells in fish TE decreased at 6 and 24 h post-stress, where leukocytes and lymphocytes were significantly lower that TnE (p<0.05) at 24 h post-stress. Other evaluated parameters did not show significant differences along this study. Conclusions . Those results suggest that several hematological and blood biochemical parameters in fish changed by acute stress generated by management and capture practice.

The presence of diseases caused by virus and bacteria pose a threat to the capture and commercialization of shrimp, and may cause significant economic damage. Nocturnal monthly sampling were conducted to detect the presence of IHHNV, WSSV, and NHP in San Andres Lagoon in Tamaulipas, Mexico, an important coastal ecosystem due to its shrimp fishery and the existence of shrimp farms in the area. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis in the shrimp tissue did not detect the presence of IHHNV, however, WSSV was detected, as well as NHP during July and August, when low salinities and high temperatures were recorded.

Resumen El conocimiento de ia anatomía radicular de cada uno de los grupos de dientes, es un aspecto importante que contribuye juntos con otros aspectos clínicos, a un mejor resultado de los procedimientos de micro-cirugía endodóntica (MCE). Variaciones anatómicas entre individuos de una misma población, suscitan para el endodoncista, una evaluación diagnóstica detallada de cada caso en particular para facilitar el abordaje quirúrgico. El objetivo de esta revisión es realizar una descripción de la anatomía radicular y del sistema de conductos radiculares de los diferentes grupos de dientes y sus variaciones anatómicas según la literatura científica disponible a la fecha, que permitirá al clínico tener una visión más amplia y detallada, que podrá aplicar para la planeación y ejecución de los procedimientos de MCE.

Knowing the root anatomy of each groups of teeth, it is an important aspect that contributes with other clinical aspects, to a better outcome of the procedures in endodontic micro-surgery(MCE). Anatomical variations between individuals of the same population, arise in the endodontist, a detailed diagnostic evaluation of each particular case, which will facilitate the surgical approach. The objective of this review is to describe the anatomy and root canal system of different groups of teeth and anatomical changes according to available scientific literature to date, allowing the clinician to have a more comprehensive and detailed vision, you can apply for the planning and execution of procedures for MCE.

Diseases are of particular importance for aquaculture worldwide, particularly in intensive culture. In Mexico, intensive culture of channel catfish is mainly done in floating cages. The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of the myxozoan Henneguya and the effect of site, period and host length on its prevalence in cage-cultured channel catfish. Over a year, fish were examined on six different sites. Results showed the presence of Henneguya exilis in all the farms. However, no significant effects were observed for site and season on prevalence, nor was there a correlation between host length and infection prevalence.

Las enfermedades tienen una gran importancia en la acuacultura mundial, especialmente en sistemas de cultivo intensivos. En México, el cultivo intensivo del bagre de canal se realiza principalmente en jaulas flotantes. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue el determinar la presencia del myxozoo Henneguya y el efecto del lugar, periodo y longitud del huésped con la prevalencia en el bagre de canal en jaulas de cultivo. Durante un año, se examinaron peces obtenidos de granjas en seis localidades. Los resultados mostraron la presencia de Henneguya exilis en todas las granjas, sin embargo no se observaron efectos significativos para el sitio y época en la prevalencia, ni hubo una correlación entre la prevalencia de la infección y la longitud del huésped.

A Colombian household is considered poor when its income in Colombian pesos (COP) is lower than 1 142 097; while in Valle del Cauca, this figure is 872 545 COP. The difference between the value of the subjective line for the national average and for Valle del Cauca suggests that multiple issues influence the perception of poverty. The empirical literature associates them with the regional economic characteristics and the different supplies of human and social capital. The subjective measurements of poverty complement the objective measurements (generally based on income) and jointly constitute the bases for a better comprehension of poverty and the design of effective politics to overeome it.

Un hogar en Colombia se considera pobre si sus ingresos en pesos colombianos son menores a 1 142 097, mientras que en el Valle del Cauca esta cifra es de 872 545 pesos. La diferencia entre el valor de la línea subjetiva para el promedio nacional y la del Valle del Cauca sugiere que múltiples factores intervienen en la percepción de pobreza. La literatura empírica los asocia con diferentes estructuras económicas regionales y distintas dotaciones de capital humano y social. Las medidas subjetivas de pobreza complementan a las medidas objetivas (generalmente basadas en el ingreso) y en forma conjunta constituyen bases para una mejor comprensión de la pobreza y el diseño de políticas eficaces para superarla.

Presenta el proceso de elaboración del Sistema de información documental sobre desplazamiento forzado en Colombia basado en ontologías. La investigación se planteó como objetivo general construir una ontología que representa conceptualmente la terminología sobre el desplazamiento forzado en Colombia, de manera que permita representar y recuperar la información referencial y en texto completo de la documentación producida. Presenta una breve descripción de lo que son las ontologías y su aplicación para la gestión y recuperación de información. En la construcción de la ontología hubo tres momentos, en cada uno de los cuales se integraron y adaptaron diferentes metodologías propuestas desde la terminología, la documentación y la ingeniería informática. Para la creación del árbol de dominio, la confección del tesauro y la estructuración de las relaciones jerárquicas se implementó la metodología propia de la terminología; en la creación de la ontología las metodologías propuestas por Noy y Macguines y la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid para la estructuración de ontologías y, la aplicación de diferentes lenguajes y herramientas informáticas. Finalmente se describe el sistema de información documental y la interfaz de consulta.

This paper presents the elaboration of the ontology based system of documental information about forced displacement in Colombia. The research had as its main purpose to build an ontology that allows to represent and retrieve the reference information and the full text of documents on the subject. It presents a brief description of ontology and its application in information management and retrieval. The building of the ontology included three moments, which required the adoption of diverse methodologies of terminology, documentation, and computer engineering. The methodology of terminology was used to build the domain tree and the thesaurus and to structure the hierarchical relationships. The methodologies proposed by Noy and Macguiness and by the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid to structure ontologies were used to create the ontology and to determine the application of diverse computer's languages and tools. Finally, the paper describes the system of documental information, and the user's interface.

En el presente trabajo el compuesto CuIn5S8 es obtenido por fusión directa de la mezcla estequiométrica de los elementos químicos constituyentes. Los datos de la difracción de rayos X en polvo, indexados con el programa TREOR 90, muestran un cristal monofásico de estructura cúbica spinel, con grupo espacial Fd3m y parámetro de celda unidad de 10.69 Å. De acuerdo con las medidas de Análisis Térmico Diferencia (ATD) este cristal funde congruentemente alrededor de 1084ºC. Se utilizaron medidas de tramitancia para obtener el coeficiente de absorción a. A partir de este último se encontraron dos brechas de energía Eg a temperatura ambiente, una directa y otra indirecta, con valores de 1.41 y 1.25 eV, respectivamente. Por primera vez se reporta la reflectividad de este compuesto, a partir de ésta se confirmaron los valores de las brechas de energía obtenidos de las medidas de tramitancia. El estudio de las propiedades eléctricas muestra que la conductividad del CuIn5S8 es tipo n. Dos energías de activación fueron estimadas de los diagramas de Arrhenius de la resistividad y de la concentración de portadores, 56 meV y 0.16 eV, respectivamente.

In the present work the compound CuIn5S8 is obtained by direct fusion of the estoichiometric mixture of the constituent chemical elements. The data of the X-ray powder diffraction, indexed with the program TREOR 90, show a single-phase crystal with cubic spinel structure, space group Fd3m and unit cell parameter of 10,69 Å. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) measurements show that this crystal melts congruently around 1084ºC. Transmittance measurements were used to obtain the absorption coefficient a. From this last one two energy gaps Eg were found at room temperature, one direct and another indirect, with 1.41 and 1,25 eV, respectively. The reflectivity of this compound is reported for the first time and is used to confirm the energy gaps values obtained from transmittance measurements. The study of the electrical properties shows that the conductivity of the CuIn5S8 is n-type. Two activation energies were estimated from the Arrhenius plots of the resistivity and the carrier concentration, 56 meV and 0.16 eV, respectively.

The aim of this study was to analyze the morphological variation of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in the Duero basin, an Atlantic river basin in the Iberian Peninsula, where a spatial segregation of two divergent lineages was previously reported, based on isozyme, microsatellite and mtDNA data. In these studies, two divergent pure regions (Pisuerga and Lower-course) and several hybrid populations between them were identified. Morphological variation was evaluated in 11 populations representative of the genetic differentiation previously observed in the Duero basin, using multivariate analysis on 12 morphometric and 4 meristic traits. A large differentiation between populations was observed (interpopulation component of variance: 41.8%), similar to that previously detected with allozymes and microsatellites. Morphometric differentiation was also reflected by the high classification success of pure and hybrid individuals to their respective populations, using multivariate discriminant functions (94.1% and 79.0%, respectively). All multivariate and clustering analyses performed demonstrated a strong differentiation between the pure regions. The hybrid populations, though showing large differentiation among them, evidenced an intermediate position between the pure samples. Head and body shape traits were the most discriminant among the morphometric characters, while pectoral rays and gillrakers were the most discriminant among the meristic traits. These results confirmed the high divergence of the brown trout from the Duero basin and suggest some traits on which selection could be acting to explain the spatial segregation observed.